The effects of SCARB2 and SELPLG gene polymorphisms on EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease.

The same viral infection in different hosts may result in varying levels of clinical symptoms, which is related to the genetic background of the host itself. A total of 406 common cases and 452 severe cases of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Yunnan Province were selected as the research subjects, and SNaPshot technology was used to detect genetic polymorphisms for 25 Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) in the selectin P ligand (SELPLG) and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) genes. Our results demonstrate that SCARB2 polymorphisms (rs74719289, rs3733255 and rs17001551) are related to the severity of EV71 infection (A vs G: OR 0.330; 95% CI 0.115 - 0.947; T vs C: OR 0.336; 95% CI 0.118 - 0.958; and A vs G: OR 0.378; 95% CI 0.145 - 0.984). The SELPLG polymorphisms were not significantly different between common cases and severe cases. Therefore, we conclude that the SCARB2 gene has a protective effect on the course of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection and that SCARB2 gene mutations can reduce the severity of the disease.

The effects of SCARB2 and SELPLG gene polymorphisms on EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease.

The same viral infection in different hosts may result in varying levels of clinical symptoms, which is related to the genetic background of the host itself. A total of 406 common cases and 452 severe cases of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in Yunnan Province were selected as the research subjects, and SNaPshot technology was used to detect genetic polymorphisms for 25 Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) in the selectin P ligand (SELPLG) and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) genes. Our results demonstrate that SCARB2 polymorphisms (rs74719289, rs3733255 and rs17001551) are related to the severity of EV71 infection (A vs G: OR 0.330; 95% CI 0.115 - 0.947; T vs C: OR 0.336; 95% CI 0.118 - 0.958; and A vs G: OR 0.378; 95% CI 0.145 - 0.984). The SELPLG polymorphisms were not significantly different between common cases and severe cases. Therefore, we conclude that the SCARB2 gene has a protective effect on the course of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection and that SCARB2 gene mutations can reduce the severity of the disease.

Hospital-Based Surveillance of Rotavirus Diarrhea in the People's Republic of China, August 2003-July 2007.

Rotaviruses cause acute diarrhea worldwide. Previous studies of rotavirus diarrhea in China found that rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in young children. In the present study, surveillance of rotavirus diarrhea was conducted involving 9549 children aged <5 years who were admitted for treatment of diarrhea at 11 sentinel hospitals in China from August 2003 through July 2007. Group A rotavirus was detected in 3749 (47.8%) of the 7846 fecal specimens by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rotavirus isolates were characterized by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine G and P genotypes. All the strains that are common worldwide were detected; G3P[8] was the most common. An unusual G5 strain was detected in 2 specimens. Of all episodes of rotavirus diarrhea, 94% occurred during the first 2 years of life, peaking at 6-23 months of age. Our findings indicate that globally common rotavirus strains continue to be a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea in China. Introduction of routine immunization with effective rotavirus vaccines would substantially reduce this burden.

Rotavirus diarrhea among children in three hospitals under sentinel surveillance, from August 2001 to July 2004 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn the epidemiologic characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in three hospitals under sentinel surveillance from August 2001 to July 2004 and to provide background information for developing and implementing rotavirus vaccine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data from hospital-based rotavirus surveillance among children < 5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea was used. Patients' clinic information and feces specimens were collected. Specimens were tested and typed for rotavirus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 3121 specimens were tested and the detection rate of rotavirus was 51%. Among all the children with rotavirus diarrhea, 94% were < 2 years old. G3 (69.9%) was the most prevalent serotype followed by G1 (6.6%) and G2 (2.9%). P[8] was the most common genotype of rotavirus. The most common G-P combination identified in this study was P[8] G3 (64.0%). Seveal other combinations of minor frequency were also identified.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rotavirus infection was most commonly seen among children < 5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea in the three hospitals. It is important to develop and implement rotavirus vaccine to prevent and control severe rotavirus infection. Because of the diversity of rotavirus strains, it is necessary to perform rotavirus strain surveillance to understand the dynamic nature of viral transmission.</p>

Sentinel hospital surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea in the People's Republic of China, August 2001-July 2003.

China has the second largest birth cohort in the world and the second highest number of deaths due to rotavirus infection. It is also the only country with a licensed rotavirus vaccine. Chinese policy makers now need credible estimates of the burden of rotavirus disease, to decide about vaccine use. From August 2001 through July 2003, prospective hospital-based surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea among children <5 years of age was conducted in 6 sentinel hospitals. Rotavirus isolates were characterized to determine the G and P genotypes circulating during the study. Of 3149 children who were admitted to the hospitals for diarrhea and for whom screening for rotavirus was performed, 1590 (50%) had positive results of an antigen detection assay. Of all episodes of rotavirus diarrhea, 95% occurred during the first 2 years of life. The most common rotavirus strain was P[8]G3 (49% of episodes), and all the common strains were detected, including G9 strains (4% of episodes). Ongoing efforts are under way to more precisely define the burden of rotavirus diarrhea in urban and rural populations, to assess the proportion of episodes that may be due to unusual or emerging strains, and to estimate the economic burden of rotavirus disease.

[Rotavirus surveillance data from Kunming Children's Hospital, 1998 - 2001].

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological status on rotavirus diarrhea in Kunming to improve the rotavirus vaccine immunization program. METHODS: A hospital-based sentinel surveillance program for rotavirus was set up among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Kunming Children's Hospital. Clinical information and fecal specimens were collected and rotavirus were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and/or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive specimens were further serotyped or genotyped by ELISA and/or RT-PCR. RESULTS: During the three years of surveillance, 466 specimens were collected. Rotavirus were detected on 246 (52.8%) specimens. 97% of the rotavirus diarrhea cases occurred among children less than 2 years old. There was a peak of admissions for rotavirus diarrhea cases between October and December which accounted for 48% of all the rotavirus hospitalizations each year. Among 204 specimens with G serotyping, the predominant strain was serotype G1 (47.5%) followed by G2 (17.6%), G3 (15.7%), G9 (4.9%) and G4 (1.0%). Mixed infection (2.5%) were rare and 22 specimens (10.8%) remained non-typeable. P genotyping showed P[4], P[8] and P[6] were the most common strains, accounting for 29.3%, 27.6% and 13.8% respectively. P[4]G2 was the most common strain which accounted for 34.1% (14/41) followed by P[8]G1 (29.3%) and P[6]G9 (12.2%). Another 7 uncommon P-G combinations were also identified. CONCLUSION: Rotavirus was the major cause of acute diarrhea in Kunming. An effective rotavirus vaccine for prevention and control of rotavirus diarrhea should be developed.

Diversity of rotavirus strains among children with acute diarrhea in China: 1998-2000 surveillance study.

As part of a national rotavirus surveillance activity, we collected fecal specimens from 3,177 children with acute diarrhea in 10 regions of China between April 1998 and April 2000 and screened them for rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in 41% (n = 1,305) of specimens, and in these, G1 was the predominant serotype (72.6%), followed by G3 (14.2%), G2 (12.1%), G4 (2.5%), G9 (0.9%), and G untypeable (0.7%). Among 327 G-typed strains tested for P genotype, 14 different P-G combinations were identified, with the globally common strains P[8]G1, P[4]G2, P[8]G3, and P[8]G4 representing 75.6% of all typed rotavirus strains. Among the uncommon strains, 11 were P[6]G9, and others included P[6]G1, P[6]G3, and five novel P-G combinations (P[9]G1, P[4]G1, P[4]G3, P[4]G4, and P[8]G2). Our results indicate that while the common rotavirus strains remain predominant, the diversity of strains is much greater than was previously recognized.